Bricks, Beads & Bones | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to one of the ancient civilisations in the history of humans, The Indus Valley Civilisation. The chapter focuses on the detailed analysis of the civilisation: from agriculture to socio-economic practices and trade. It also highlights the part settlements of 'Mohenjodaro' & enlists various historians and their accounts on the settlements. ____________________________________________________ The Indus Valley Civilisation What are the sources to understand...
11 min read →Kings,Farmers & Towns | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the early states and economies, it also enlists the fact about James Princep, an officer in the mint of the East India company who deciphered the two scripts used in the earliest inscriptions & coins named Brahmini and Kharosthi. We also highlight the Magadh region and its importance also the facts and history of the Mauryan Empire. __________________________________________________________________________________ Early States and Economies During the period...
9 min read →Kinship, Caste & Class | Class 12 History Notes
The Chapter introduces students to early Indian history, explains social behaviour, and various social differences beyond and within the framework of caste. We also highlight the critical edition of Mahabharata and the varna system and its integration of varna practices. The chapter also talks about the types and rules of different marriages. __________________________________________________________________________________ Early Historic Period Social Behaviour Historians often use textual...
10 min read →Thinkers, Beliefs & Buildings | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the various cultural developments and the spread of Buddhism and Jainism. The chapter talks about various stupas: why they were built and their relevance and also their great architecture. We also highlight the growth of puranic Hinduism. _________________________________________________________________________________ Cultural Developments What are the sources to reconstruct Cultural Developments? To re-construct the cultural developments there are various...
12 min read →Through the Eyes Of Travellers | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the various travellers who travelled to the Indian sub-continent: Al-Biruni, Ibn-Batutta & Francois Bernier. It highlights what the travellers saw and wrote into their accounts. These were the travellers who wrote detailed accounts regarding Indian social customs & religious practices. __________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction Many people travelled from place to place in search of safety from natural...
9 min read →An Imperial Capital of Vijayanagara | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to one of the greatest empires of southern India, the Vijayanagara empire. We highlight various dynasties and all the developments that happened during their regime, also the architectural wisdom of the empire and some of the greatest temples. __________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction The rebellion against the Tughluq led to the establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire. The militarization of politics in the...
9 min read →Bhakti - Sufi Traditions | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to Bhakti & Sufi traditions, the chapter also talks about the early tradition of bhakti in Tamil Nadu and various other regions. it also enlists the difference & conflicts between cults and traditions of Hinduism. It also highlights the teachings of Kabir, Guru Nanak, Mirabai & about Kanqas & Silsilas. __________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction to Bhakti & Sufi Traditions What are the sources to understand...
14 min read →Peasants, Zamindars And The State | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the Mughal empire and the Agrarian society, it defines agrarian history through major chronicles like ' Ain-I Akbari'. The chapter also describes the rules of zamindari and the conditions of women in the agrarian society. We also highlight the land revenue systems: the economic mainstay in the Mughal empire. __________________________________________________________________________________ Agrarian Society & the Mughal Empire What are the Sources to...
11 min read →Kings And Chronicles | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the Mughal empire and the great chronicles: The AkbarNama And The Badshah Nama. The chapter also talks about the policy of Sulh-i Kul, the capital and the Mughal Courts. We also highlight the pilgrimage and the trade of the ottomans. __________________________________________________________________________________ Mughal Empire Mughal Rulers & Chronicles The emperors of the Mughal Empire considered themselves as divinely chosen to reign over a vast and...
17 min read →Colonialism And The Countryside | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the colonial administrative procedures and tax culture during the British raj. The chapter highlights various land revenue systems in India: Ryotwari, Talukdari, Zamindari & Mahalwari systems. It also describes the people of the hills; Paharias and Santhals. Further, the chapter concludes on the role that India played during the American civil war and the Cotton boom. __________________________________________________________________________________ Bengals...
11 min read →Rebels And Raj | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the first war of independence: the rebellion of 1857 against the colonial power in India. It defines the causes and impact of the rebellion and its consequences. We highlight all the events that took place amid the disruption. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ First War Of Independence The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major, although ultimately unsuccessful, rebellion in India in 1857–58 against...
11 min read →Colonial Cities | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the towns and cities of colonial and pre-colonial times. It describes the history of the cities and why they were built, also what were the benefits that the colonial rule took from them altogether. It also highlights the segregation, town planning and architecture of Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. __________________________________________________________________________________ Town & Cities In Pre Colonial Times What gave the town its character? In the...
18 min read →Mahatma Gandhi And The Nationalist Movement | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the life of one of the great leaders of India, the father of the nation' Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The chapter describes all the events that led to the making and unmaking of the non-cooperation movement against the British raj. We also highlight all the satyagraha performed by Gandhi Ji and their causes and the consequences. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi Gandhi...
14 min read →Understanding The Partition | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces students to the era of partition and allows them to understand the partition. The chapter talks about the history and the causes of the partition. The chapter also talks about the provincial elections of 1937 & the congress ministries. __________________________________________________________________________________ Partition Or Holocaust? The joy of independence from colonial rule was shattered by the agony of British India's partition into two states, India and...
13 min read →Framing The Constitution | Class 12 History Notes
The chapter introduces the students to the time when the constitution of India was being framed, it talks about the constituent assembly and its members. The chapter states what type of constitution was needed and what were the visions that were supposed to be present in an ideal constitution. We also highlight the major role players like BR Ambedkar and Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar etc. __________________________________________________________________________________ Framing The Indian...
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